Adolf Hitler and Napoleon Bonaparte Comparison

Hitler and Napoleon had various contrasts; anyway I accept there were more similarities.â Both pioneers moved in the nation they wound up administering; both vanquished a large portion of European nations; both had radical perspectives about wars, and both were shockingly quick in their fighting.Nevertheless, the most critical likenesses between Adolf Hitler and Napoleon Bonaparte is the manner by which they were acknowledged as rulers in a general public that was majority rule previously; and what they accomplished for the nations subsequent to turning out to be monarchs.A hundred years before Hitler became Chancellor, Hegel, in a popular course of talks at the University of Berlin, had highlighted the job of ‘World-chronicled people's as the specialists by which ‘the Will of the World Spirit', the arrangement of Providence, is conveyed out.They may all be called Heroes, in as much as they have inferred their motivations and their employment, not from the quiet customa ry course of things, authorized by the current request; however from a covered wellspring, from that internal Spirit, despite everything covered up underneath the surface, which encroaches on the external world as on a shell and blasts it into pieces. (Such were Alexander, Caesar, Napoleon.)They were viable, political men. And yet they were thinking men, who had an understanding into the prerequisites of the timeâ€what was ready for advancement. This was the very Truth for their age, for their reality. . . .It was theirs to know this early standard, the fundamental, straightforwardly sequent advance in progress, which their reality was to take; to make this their point, and to exhaust their vitality in advancing it. World-authentic men †the Heroes of an age †should in this way be perceived as its discerning ones: their deeds, their words are the best of their time. (Hegel, 1902, pp. 31-32)Hitler presumably held whatever conviction about himself from an early period. It was clear enough in the discourse he made at his preliminary in 1924, (Hegel , 1902, p.117) and after he came out of jail those close to him saw that he started to hold detached, to set a hindrance among himself and his supporters. After he came to control it turned out to be more noticeable.It was in March 1936, that he made the acclaimed attestation previously cited: ‘I go the way that Providence directs with the confirmation of a rest walker.' (Domarus, 2004)As soon as Hitler pondered the association of the State plainly the similitude which ruled his brain was that of a military. He considered the To be as an instrument of intensity wherein the characteristics to be esteemed were order, solidarity and sacrifice.It was from the Army that he took the Fã ¼hrerprinzip, the initiative guideline, whereupon first the Nazi Party, and later the National Socialist State, were constructed. ‘Our Constitution,' composed Nazi Germany's driving legal counselor, Dr Hans Frank, â₠¬Ëœis the desire of the Fã ¼hrer.' (Volkischer Beobachter, 1936). This was in actuality truly true.The Weimar Constitution was never supplanted, it was essentially suspended by the Enabling Law, which was recharged occasionally and put all force in Hitler's grasp. Hitler accordingly delighted in a more complete proportion of intensity than Napoleon, since he had been mindful so as not to permit the development of any organization which may in a crisis be utilized as a beware of him.Hitler's creativity lay not in his thoughts, yet in the startling strict manner by which he set to work to make an interpretation of these thoughts into the real world, and his unparalleled handle of the methods by which to do this. To peruse Hitler's addresses and casual conversation is to be struck over and over by the absence of generosity or of any hint of good greatness.His remarks on everything with the exception of legislative issues show a cocksure numbness and an ineradicable profanity. However this indecency of psyche, similar to the inconsequentiality of his appearance, the seriously fitting parka and the lock of hair put over his brow of the early Hitler, was completely perfect with splendid political gifts.Accustomed to connect such blessings with the characteristics of acumen which Napoleon had, we are shocked and affronted by this blend. However to think little of Hitler as a lawmaker, to excuse him as a uninformed agitator, is to commit decisively the error that such a significant number of Germans made in the mid 1930s.The origination of the Nazi Party, the purposeful publicity with which it must speak to the German individuals, and the strategies by which it would come to powerâ€these were certainly Hitler's.After 1934 there were no adversaries left and by 1938 he had evacuated the keep going minds his opportunity of activity. From there on, he practiced a subjective guideline in Germany to a degree once in a while, if at any point, equalled in a cutting edge i ndustrialized state.At a similar time, from the re-militarization of the Rhineland to the intrusion of Russia, he won a progression of achievements in strategy and war which set up an authority over the landmass of Europe practically identical with that of Napoleon at the tallness of his fame.While these couldn't have been won without a people and an Army ready to serve him, it was Hitler who gave the basic initiative, the style for getting a handle on circumstances, the strength in utilizing them.In review his mix-ups seem self-evident, and it is anything but difficult to be smug about the certainty of his annihilation; however it took the consolidated endeavors of the three most remarkable countries on the planet to break his hang on Europe.Luck and the disunity of his adversaries will represent quite a bit of Hitler's successâ€as it will of Napoleon'sâ€but not for all. He started with scarcely any focal points, a man without a name and without help other than that which he gained for himself, not so much as a resident of the nation he tried to rule.To accomplish what he did Hitler neededâ€and possessedâ€talents strange which in total added up to political virtuoso, anyway underhanded its natural products (Taylor, 1950).The evident shortcoming of Hitler's approach, the flaw which decimated him as definitely as it had wrecked Napoleon, was his powerlessness to stop. Before the finish of 1938 Hitler had changed Germany's situation in worldwide affairs.He had everything to pick up by hanging tight for a year or two preceding making another stride, sitting back to benefit from the divisions and ditherings of the other European Powers, rather than driving them, by the feelings of dread he excited, into hesitant mix. Additionally, a transitory unwinding of the rearmament drive would have had impressive financial advantages for Germany.According to General Jodl, at the tallness of the battling in the West Hitler communicated his assurance to manage Russ ia when the military circumstance made it at all conceivable. Up to this point he had consistently made it a state of any assault on Russia that Germany should initially be secure against intercession from the west.In his discourse to the commanders on 23 November 1939 he had rehashed this condition, first set down in Mein Kampf: ‘We can restrict Russia just when we are free in the west.'  (Domarus , 2004). However, with Britain ousted from the Continent and left without a partner, was this not as of now in the same class as settled?Hitler was set up to hold up until the harvest time to check whether the British could be brought to concede rout straightforwardly, yet not longer. Meanwhile, before July was out, even before the Luftwaffe had started its full scale hostile against the British, he provided requests to begin starter making arrangements for an assault on Russia.There is a conspicuous corresponding with Napoleon in 1805 the French Emperor began arranging the walk e astwards which was to prompt Austerlitz while as yet keeping up his arrangements for the intrusion of Britain from the camp at Boulogne.In correlation, in the east, in the wake of tossing back the Russians in March 1943, in July the Germans propelled another hostile against their lines round Kursk. A large portion of a million men, the best soldiers left in the German Army, including seventeen panzer divisions outfitted with the new substantial Tiger tanks, were utilized to convey it out.After overwhelming and exorbitant battling the Russians not just prevailing with regards to carrying the German assault to an end, yet on 12 July themselves opened a hostile (without precedent for the late spring) farther north. Steadily their assaults spread along the entire front.On 4 August they retook Orel, and on 23 August Kharkov. On 23 September they recovered Poltava, and on the 25th Smolensk, from which both Napoleon and Hitler had coordinated their intrusions of Russia.From the re-militari zation of the Rhineland to the attack of Russia, he won a progression of triumphs in discretion and war which built up an authority over the mainland of Europe practically identical with that of Napoleon at the tallness of his notoriety. Karma and the disunity of his rivals will represent a lot of Hitler's successâ€as it will of Napoleon'sâ€but not for all.After the war, Adolf Hitler removed himself from his family. Christa Schroeder summarized it: â€Å"He has no affections for the family.† (Schroeder, 1949, p. 115)It was more than thatâ€Hitler shared little practically speaking with his cousins in the nation or with his kin. He had grown out of them. He was appropriately careful about Alois Jr. what's more, his child Patrick, despite the fact that they very hurt him.Perhaps they knew excessively, yet what they uncovered in French and American papers was harmless. Hitler was against nepotism and condemned Napoleon for it. His emotions about his family members were g enuinely blended. In spite of the fact that he recollected that them in his will, he likewise provided requests to make the wide open around Dã ¶llersheim, one of the towns in his tribal locale (Ahnengau), into a cannons extend (Wake, 1977).Undoubtedly, Hitler and Napoleon had various contrasts; anyway I accept there were more similarities.â Both pioneers moved in the nation they wound up administering; both vanquished a large portion of European nations; both had radical perspectives about wars, and both were shockingly quick in their fighting.Nevertheless, the most noteworthy similitudes between Adolf Hitler and Napoleon Bonaparte is the means by which they were acknowledged as rulers in a general public

Character Sketch free essay sample

Who might feel that an old delicate lady would have such a feisty character in her youth? Indeed, we are discussing the unparalleled Kim Cowley from the play content â€Å"Brother in the Land† During her season of youth, Kim was what each young lady would wish to be. All through the play content, she has been portrayed decided, dauntless and yearning. The genuine attributes of an incredible pioneer. When Kim was first brought into the story, she was demonstrated wild and egotistical. At the point when her ‘so-called’ companions attempted to take her pack of food after the grievous atomic assault, she was savage and endeavored to slaughter one of them, and would have completed the activity if Danny had not halted her. She doesn't lament her activities by any means, as after the battle for food finished, she said â€Å"He wouldn’t have mulled over doing (executing) me in. At that point basically determine what occurred as you hung out. Every now and then, depict the people signals or outward appearances. It is essential to place words into the people mouth in direct citations. As you take a shot at this paper, you ought to choose what sort of enthusiastic response you need the peruser to have in relationship to this individual. What sort of subtleties would you be able to choose to make that passionate response? Abstain from making wide portraying proclamations; rather, let the subtleties you give propose general attributes. Let the peruser reach her own determinations. Case of a Character Sketch Grandma Atkinson (Courtesy of the Northern Illinois University Writing Across the Curriculum Program) We maneuvered into the rock carport and poked the front guard of the 1953 Chevy up to one side carport entryway. Moving out of the vehicle, we strolled over the garage to the custom made block walkway, past the fix of sprouting, orange day lilies, around the bend of the enormous, white, outline house to the green screen entryway. As we opened the noisy entryway, we went from the splendid sun of a mid-summer day in Bertrand, Nebraska, into the back patio of Grandpa and Grandmas house. Our eyes expected to conform to the obscurity, yet we could make out the coveralls holding tight the far divider, a bushel bin in one corner, and a bucket with garden hand apparatuses against another divider. We ventured up a stage into the kitchen, a window to one side and old, white wooden cabinets with counters covering the two dividers to one side. Toward the finish of the isle between the two arrangements of cabinets was a gas oven on one side, and a squat-looking fridge with adjusted corners over the isle. An espresso pot sat on the oven, and I could smell the malodorous fragrance of over-cooked espresso. Going on through the tight kitchen, we ventured into the roomy lounge area, commanded by a huge round, wooden table. Anybody home? You here, Mom? My mom got out. About a similar time, Grandma showed up in the entryway of her room over the room from where we stood. Wonder, be! Look whose here. Grandmother stated, cleaning her wrinkled hands on her blurred cover. She rearranged somewhat just as she were going to step on into the lounge area, yet before she could make her turn, my mom had run over the room and was giving her an embrace. Father and I followed timidly over the room, realizing that the obligatory embrace was going to occur. At the point when the ball was in my court, I could feel the delicate, free tissue of Grandmas hanging arms as she embraced me close and put a wet smack on my turned cheek. Grandmothers lavender-scented fragrance demolished the black out whiff of mothballs that penetrated Grandma and Grandpas house. She was a little lady, very little taller than me, a lot shorter than my mom. She had unadulterated white hair that she generally wore up in a good old bun. Here hair was very long. I know in light of the fact that consistently she would brush it out, inclining forward and brushing the hair from the rear of her head down to the floor in long strokes that appeared as though they tired her drooping arms. Grandmother consistently wore dresses that hung to mid calve, normally tied down the front, secured by one of her many blurred covers. It wasnt some time before we were all lounging around the enormous, round wooden table in the lounge area, watching out through the huge windows, hung in white sheers, to the huge side yard where my preferred apple tree stood. It was the ideal opportunity for the 4:00 short breather. Grandpa had rolled in from the nursery where he had been pruning tomato plants, their sharp scent despite everything sticking to his hands. Grandmother had made a pot of new espresso, adding an egg white to the bubbling blend ultimately to explain the espresso. All things being equal, we would all discover grounds in the base of our cups. Despite the fact that I was just seven years of age, I had been drinking espresso at Grandmas house for whatever length of time that I could recollect. Every one of us had an espresso mug with a bloom design, which sat on a coordinating saucer. A plate of rusks, dried toast pieces, was being circled for plunging. There was likewise a tin with saltine wafers. I took two squares, and, when the creamery margarine .

The Consecration of Jerusalem Research Paper - 2475 Words

The Consecration of Jerusalem as Sacred Space in Christianity and Islam (Research Paper Sample) Content: Name:Institution:Course:Date:The Consecration of Jerusalem as Sacred Space in Christianity and IslamChristianity and Islam have virtually the same history of their origin. Both religions have similarities occasioned by their origin association with Judaism in the ancient times of inception. Judaism is the mother of these two religions, and that explains the similarities that can be observed in the way of worship between Christianity and Islam. This paper will address the origin of Christianity and Islam, the location and design of architectural work of the Church of Holy Sepulcher and Dome of the Rock and the main tenets of each religion in reference to the city of Jerusalem.After Prophet Muhammad died, the Islam leader, there has never been adequate evidence to reveal the origin of many architectural structures of Islam. However, numerous writers reveal that the cities of Mekkah, Madina and Jerusalem were considered the holiest places by Muslims in the ancient times, where some structures that explain important symbolism in the Islam religion are available. Some of the architectural structures are the Umayyad Dome of the Rock in Jerusalem and some mosques in the towns of Kuifah, Fustat and Basrah. The Dome of the Rock is believed to have been the greatest architectural work in the history of Muslims, which held great significance to the religion. History explains that prophet Muhammand could have built it to commemorate his reception of the main Muslims religion principles from God (Schein 175-195).Dome of the RockSimilarly, the Dome of the Rock also played an important role in the history of Christianity. This means that Christians also had their beliefs about the structure, which was virtually equivalent to the Muslims ones. To Christians, the structure poses as a sacred place but its reverence in Christians cannot be exploited fully since many Arabs who were Muslims occupied the area around it. This made the influence around the structure an d its history to Christians dissolved completely. However, it is also imperative to understand that both Islam and Christianity are related to Judaism in different aspects. The connection among these three religions is brought by the explanation on the link of the three with the story of Abraham. Abraham had a son promised by God, but before then he was tempted and got a child with his servant. However, God answered Abrahams prayers and fulfilled His promise by letting Abrahams wife conceive, and give birth (Ousterhout 66-78). Faithfulness of Abraham Thus, Islam religion is based on the faithlessness of Abraham, which is depicted by his impatience to wait for the Lord and allowing his wife to get a kid with their servant. On the other hand, Christians are believers and faithful ones in reference to the Abrahams story. However, Jews combines both religions by believing in God but realizing the faithlessness of Abraham and believing in neither Jesus Christ nor Prophet Muhammad. This means that Islam and Christianity stemmed from Judaism then followed their independent paths by revering Prophet Muhammad and Jesus Christ respectively as their saviors (Stager 183-194).Abraham sons were Ishmael and Isaac, where Ishmael was the son who was born out of the affair with the servant, and Isaac being the promised son from God. Thus, it is argued that Islam is a product of Ishmael while Christianity and Judaism from Isaac. However, upon the birth of Jesus Christ, Judaism differed with Christianity because they did not believe Jesus Christ was the son of God. However, the different theories indicate Judaism as the main religion since Abraham was Jewish (Rabbat 13-18).The Church of the Holy Sepulchre was a significant symbol in Christianity that resembled Jesus Christs Crucifixion, the Entombment and the resurrection respectively. This was an important structure in the history of the Christian religion since it showed great significance in the life of Jesus Christ. Christia ns believe that Jesus Christ was a son of God and was sent to the world to save people from their sins. The sequence of events from the early life of the messiah to his crucifixion is articulated by the presence of the Church of the Holy Sepulchre. There are many architectural structures in the Church that also help push the message of Jesus Christ into people. Similarly, the Dome of the Rock serves the same purpose as that of the Church of the Holy Sepulchre. It was a stature that was built as a commemoration of the origin of Islam religion, which was brought about by Prophet Muhammad. These two structures play a critical role in the articulation of the Islam and Christianity theories that seek to identify specific beliefs, values and virtues (Stager 183-194).JudaismBy tracing the origin of these religions, one understands that they were solely from Judaism. The Israelites of ancient times were Jewish and there practices can easily be equated to the current practices of modern day Christianity. However, the difference that rifts Christianity and Judaism is the fact that Jews did not believe that Jesus Christ is the son of God. They only believed that Isaac was the only son who was brought to the world for a particular reason. In the end, God requested Abraham to sacrifice his only son Isaac to test his faith. This is what clearly marks the difference in these religions including the artifacts that support these theories. On the other hand, Islam is believed to have stemmed from the ancestry of Ishmael (Rabbat 13-18).However, Christianity and Islam formed strong foundations that have enabled them spread to many parts of the world today. In comparison, the population of Muslims is less than that of Christians since the beliefs and values of Christians tend to have captured the souls of many. It is also critical to understand that among the Christians, there are different denominations. There are Catholics, protestants, Methodists and Anglicans. All these groups believe in Jesus Christ as the son of God who came to salvage people on earth from their sins. However, there are different beliefs that form the rifts among these denominations. This means that Christianity has been evolving, basing on different tenets. For instance, the Catholic Church originally stemmed from Rome, Italy. The Catholic Church believes that people must not be restricted to living alcohol-free lives. Responsible alcoholism is tolerated since they believe that Jesus Christ and his disciples took wine that was alcoholic during the last supper (Neuwirth para 2).Catholism In Jerusalem, the Jews had the Catholic way of lifestyle in upholding their Christian values and beliefs. This is because they tolerated some vices that cannot be accepted on other denominations of Christianity. However, Islam does not have the groups like Christianity since they only believe in one prophet, who is Muhammad. Islam has its root in Arabic countries and is not spread as much as Christiani ty all over the world. The tenets of Islam are arguably not human as a whole. For instance, the Holy war (Jihad) that Muslims believe in, is not human since it encourages murder. Muslims believe that when a believer kills a person during war, he or she is bound to go to heaven. According to history and the scope of human rights governing people today, Jihad is simply murder. The origin of Islam, which is Judaism did not encourage such acts. The subsequent prophets manipulated the beliefs and values to their own wishes, and some of the rules defy humanity. However, history shows the link among the religions and the sacred bit that human beings tend to infringe every day by coming up with religions that go against humanity principles (Rabbat 13-18). In Judaism, Jerusalem has always been a holy city. It is depicted in early texts that the holy city remains to be a unique place of worship and memory. This notion holds an important place in Jewish culture, but fails to elucidate similar meaning in other religions; specifically Christianity and Islam as believers fail to hold a personal view and similar conviction of the city. Every year, many people visit Jerusalem to visit various sites that are termed as holy in the bible. These individuals are unlike tourists as they carry Bibles rather than archaeological materials and guides. The sites and places like Bethlehem, the Mount of Olives and Nazareth are places that are related with Jesus. The Christian Bible does not force individuals to make pilgrims to the holy city, however, since the third Century, Christians started to visit the holy land for prayer and investigation of various sites. Consequently, it was only after the fourth Century that pilgrimage to the Holy Land became a norm, because construction of churches and the uncovering of Tombs began. With its widespread, Church leaders reminded their followers that the Bible does not command Christians to make such visits (Markus 257). In the middle ages, the C hurch of the Holy Sepulchre was one of the holy places as a traditional site for Entombment, Resurrection and Crucifixion of Jesus. Its position is significant, as it is regarded as being at the center of the globe. Moreover, the events it commemorates are also very important to the Christian religion. It was a zone of pilgrimage for the Crusaders and it provide a sense of inspiration to them. The Holy Sepulchre holds a significance meaning to the various religions in the world while it history has resulted top numerous disputes among religious communities. Since the 4th C, the church has been in constant usage, due to its religious significance especially to Judaism (Bahat 26-45). The history of the site that portrays much importance to the Jews, Christians and Muslims, as its history elucidates years of destruction and re4structuring of the site. The churc...

Chemical Composition of Black Powder or Gunpowder

Black powder is the name given to the earliest known chemical explosive. It is used as a blasting powder and a propellant for firearms, rockets, and fireworks. The composition of black powder or gunpowder is not set. In fact, several different compositions have been used throughout history. Heres a look at some of the most notable or common compositions, plus the composition of modern black powder. Black Powder Basics Theres nothing complicated about the formulation of black powder. It consists of charcoal (carbon), saltpeter (potassium nitrate or sometimes sodium nitrate), and sulfur. Charcoal and sulfur act as the fuel for the explosion, while saltpeter acts as an oxidizer. Sulfur also lowers the ignition temperature, which increases the combustion rate. Charcoal is used instead of pure carbon because it contains incompletely decomposed cellulose. It has a much lower autoignition temperature. Black powder made using pure carbon will ignite, but it wont explode. In commercial black powder preparation, potassium nitrate or another nitrate (e.g., sodium nitrate) usually is coated with graphite (a form of carbon). This helps prevent electrostatic charge build-up, reducing the chance a stray spark will prematurely ignite the mixture. Sometimes black powder is tumbled with graphite dust after it is mixed to coat the grains. In addition to reducing static, the graphite reduces moisture absorption, which could prevent gunpowder from igniting. Notable Black Powder Compositions Typical modern gunpowder consists of saltpeter, charcoal, and sulfur in a 6:1:1 or 6:1.2:0.8 ratio. Historically significant formulations have been calculated on a percentage basis: Formula Saltpeter Charcoal Sulfur Bishop Watson, 1781 75.0 15.0 10.0 British Government, 1635 75.0 12.5 12.5 Bruxelles studies, 1560 75.0 15.62 9.38 Whitehorne, 1560 50.0 33.3 16.6 Arderne lab, 1350 66.6 22.2 11.1 Roger Bacon, c. 1252 37.50 31.25 31.25 Marcus Graecus, 8th century 69.22 23.07 7.69 Marcus Graecus, 8th century 66.66 22.22 11.11 Source: The Chemistry of Gun Powder and Explosives

Christianity The Best Way For Me - 1366 Words

Christianity I didn’t really know a valid definition for Christianity. The best way for me to understand Christianity is that it is a religion based on the miracles and teachings of Jesus. People say that Christianity is a relationship with the true and living God through the person of Jesus Christ, which who has forgiven us for our sins and escape the righteous judgment of God. To help me better understand and comprehend how glorious Christianity is, I had the enjoyment of interviewing my good friend William Wendell. The friendship that William and I have is a very strong. One thing that we find most joyful within our friendship is learning about each other’s religion. William is a practicing Christian that truly believes in his†¦show more content†¦For him, being Pentecostal means letting your heart and soul be filled with the Holy Spirit and speaking in tongues. William believes that there is only one God and that God is Jesus. They also believe in repentin g of their sins and being baptized in the name of Jesus. In his opinion, not many other Christian’s faiths believe in that. William’s perception of Christianity is to love God above all, love others, abide by God’s rule and always try to win people to Christ. As a practicing Christian, William attends a church that is considered Pentecostal or non-denominational, which he attends every Sunday. His church does take place on Wednesday and Friday nights as well but he attends every Sunday in order to be with his family and believes that Sunday is the day for God. William stated in our interview that he was taught to always wear his â€Å"Sunday best† which means to wear to modest attire but to always look astonishing for God that day. Throughout his time at church, William learns a lot about his faith. I asked him a question that has always boggled me, â€Å"With all that you have learned from church and from being a Christian, do you believe in heaven and hell?† William expresses to me that he does believe in both heaven and hell. He believes that there will be a day when God will come back and judge all humans based on their

Journal of Personality and Social Psychology Repression and self-pres

Question: Describe about the Journal of Personality and Social Psychology for Repression and self-presentation? Answer: Introduction In this assignment, a research is conducted based on the effect of the audience, co action, role and group. The research is conducted based on literature review. Different literatures relevant to the topic are reviewed and discussed in this assignment. Then a report is presented on a group presentation and effect of the audience, co action, role and group on the preparation of the presentation. Discussion: Effect of audience: Audience play an important role in any performance as the success of a performance depends on them. various studies on psychology have discussed the effect of audience on a performance. According to a research carried out by Bozzolan, Cho and Michelon (2013) on the role of audience, a successful presentation should have an approach that is centered to the audience. As per the studies carried out by Baumeister and Cairns (1992), while conducting or planning a performance or presentation, one should consider the interest and the preferences of the people who would act as the audience. Again Jain and Roy (2015) showed that the presence of audience sometimes leads to better performance by the performers and in some cases the performance can be worse. Some studies (Aiello and Douthitt, 2001) have shown that the passive audience sometimes positively influences the performers to perform better, whereas some other studies (Travis, 1925) have shown the inhibitory effect of the audience in the performance of a task that is less practiced due to the psychological factor, called stress. According to the Yerkes- Dodson law, proposed by the two eminent psychologists, Robert M. Yerkes and John Dodson in the year 1908, with the mental or psychological arousal, the performance increases up to a certain point and when the arousal increases to a very high level, there is a decrease in the performance. The reason behind the negative impact of audience is beautifully discussed by Mero, Guidice and Brownlee (2007), who showed that when a person tries to perform a task that is difficult and complex or not properly familiar to the person, the level of accuracy in the performance decreased with the presence of other persons. Robert Zajonc, in 1956, coined the term social inhibition while describing the negative impact of audience. Effect of co-action: According to NELSON (2006), co action effect can be defined as the increase in the level of performance which is caused by the presence of other persons who are also involved in same type of tasks. Norman Triplett first coined the term in the year 1898, who found in his experiment that the speed of a cyclist increases when he races with others. According to the studies by Sellaro et al. (2013), when a person work alone, the level of creativity is high, but the level of productivity is low, but when a person works with others, the level of creativity is highest and the level of productivity is also very high. According to the distraction-conflict theory proposed by Baron (1986), in the presence of other persons while performing a task, generates a conflict that involves concentrating on the other persona and simultaneous concentrating on the task. This conflict leads to the increase in arousal which in turn causes social facilitation. According to Soma and Hasegawa (2004), the social facilitation/inhibition (SFI) effect sometimes facilitates the performance by a person in the presence of co actors and in other times it inhibits the performance. Effect of roles and groups: In case of group work, the effects of the role of individual on the group are very crucial. According to Curseu (2015), when individual team member will carry out their responsibility properly, the whole team will perform better. As per the studies carried out by Simon, Sturmer and Steffens (2000), the individual members of a group can positively or negatively influence the performance of a group. Stewart and Powell (2004) showed that while working in a group various problems may arise and successful addressing of these problems is necessary in order to successfully carry out a group performance. As per the views of Grebosz and Bakalarczyk (2011), in a group work, each and every member had to perform their role properly in order to make the group work effective. Report on group presentation: Last year I was a part of a group presentation, which consisted of 10 members. The presentation was based on a topic of psychology, namely, influence of attitude on human behavior. It was a 15 minute presentation, where each of the 10 members of the group discussed a part of the topic. The audience consisted of primarily the psychology students of our college and the respected professors. Last year I was a part of a group presentation, which consisted of 10 members. The presentation was based on a topic of psychology, namely, influence of attitude on human behavior. It was a 15 minute presentation, where each of the 10 members of the group discussed a part of the topic. The audience consisted of primarily the psychology students of our college and the respected professors. As, the audience included the students and professors of psychology, we had to assume that they already had got some idea regarding the topic. So, while developing the presentation we were concerned regarding the p lanning of our presentation in order to make the already known topic interesting and acceptable to the audience. Co- action is a part of group work. The work of one group member influences the others to work hard, in order to make the presentation a success. We jointly discussed the topic of the presentation and the responsibilities that each of the group members would share. Throughout the preparation phase we maintained active communication between the team members and helped each other in order to complete the presentation within time. From the beginning of the preparation for the presentation, we divided our responsibility and we carried out the responsibilities actively, which helped us to perform in a coordinated fashion while presenting the topic. References: Aiello, J. and Douthitt, E. (2001). Social facilitation from Triplett to electronic performance monitoring. Group Dynamics: Theory, Research, and Practice, 5(3), pp.163-180. Baumeister, R. and Cairns, K. (1992). Repression and self-presentation: When audiences interfere with self-deceptive strategies. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 62(5), pp.851-862. Bozzolan, S., Cho, C. and Michelon, G. (2013). Impression Management and Organizational Audiences: The Fiat Group Case. Journal of Business Ethics, 126(1), pp.143-165. Curseu, P. (2015). Team Performance Management 2014. Team Performance Management: An International Journal, 21(1/2). Grebosz, M. and Bakalarczyk, S. (2011). Team Management Organization in Co-branding Projects. Hum. Factors Man., 23(4), pp.306-310. Groff, B., Baron, R. and Moore, D. (1983). Distraction, attentional conflict, and drivelike behavior. Journal of Experimental Social Psychology, 19(4), pp.359-380. Jain, V. and Roy, S. (2015). Effect of Audience Personality Traits on Reality Show Watching Motives. Media Watch, 6(2), p.157. Mero, N., Guidice, R. and Brownlee, A. (2007). Accountability in a Performance Appraisal Context: The Effect of Audience and Form of Accounting on Rater Response and Behavior. Journal of Management, 33(2), pp.223-252. NELSON, R. (2006). Social Facilitation. BioScience, 56(7), p.620. Sellaro, R., Treccani, B., Rubichi, S. and Cubelli, R. (2013). When co-action eliminates the Simon effect: disentangling the impact of co-actor's presence and task sharing on joint-task performance. Frontiers in Psychology, 4. Simon, B., Sturmer, S. and Steffens, K. (2000). Helping Individuals or Group Members? The Role of Individual and Collective Identification in AIDS Volunteerism. Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin, 26(4), pp.497-506. Soma, M. and Hasegawa, T. (2004). The Effect of Social Facilitation and Social Dominance on Foraging Success of Budgerigars in an Unfamiliar Environment. Behaviour, 141(9), pp.1121-1134. Stewart, B. and Powell, S. (2004). Team building and team working. Team Performance Management: An International Journal, 10(1/2), pp.35-38. Travis, L. (1925). The effect of a small audience upon eye-hand coordination. The Journal of Abnormal and Social Psychology, 20(2), pp.142-146.

Predictable Crises of Adulthood free essay sample

No one wants to stray too far from home too fast, or become and individual overnight. We want to be able to crawl back to our parents when the tough gets going. Pulling up the roots in Gail Sheehy’s Predictable Crisis of Adulthood refers to the stage after adolescence when you should be â€Å"pulling up your roots†. Your roots in this aspect, is referring to your home. We try to separate our own views of the world from our families. In the process of separating our views from our parents we normally are attracted to fads that are unfamiliar and questionable by our parents. I know piercings is definitely one of the fads my parents will never understand and it’s something I absolutely love. Along with piercings, tattoos are another example of a fad that parents are normally not familiar with. Even though some parents might have one or two from back in the day, the new thing is starting to be full sleeves on kids arms. We will write a custom essay sample on Predictable Crises of Adulthood or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page During this stage we try to find ourselves and start to associate with an anticipated occupation, a sex role, a peer group and a world view. You begin to pull your roots emotionally after you have pulled them physically, by moving out. This is an important crisis in the passage of becoming an adult because if you don’t experience this crisis in the time frame of eighteen to twenty you will later on in life, and the repercussions for having it later could be more severe. The trying twenties imply that we are trying to be an adult and trying new things. During this stage we definitely try to take hold of our lives in an adult aspect. We tend to do the things we should. Our shoulds are modeled by everything: family values, pressing culture, the prejudice of our peers. During this period we try to build some stability for ourselves and making important commitments. During this period we also explore and experiment. I relate to this stage specifically in Gail Sheehy’s Predictable Crisis of Adulthood because I, myself am in my trying twenties. One of my biggest fears is that the choices I’m making now are irrevocable. â€Å"One of the most terrifying aspects of the twenties is the inner conviction that the choices we make are irrevocable. It is largely a false fear. Change is quite possible, and some alteration of our original choices is probably inevitable. † (Sheehy’s 6). This quote put to me to ease it assures you that making a choice that’s irrevocable you do not have to continue the path that, that choice has set you on. Sheehy goes on to tell us more about the crisis of life. The next three crises I cannot relate to since I’m in the trying twenties. Catch-30 emphasizes major growth towards becoming a mature adult. In our thirties men and women feel as if they are restricted and have a need to go above and beyond. Couples mutuality and grow in separate directions. The Deadline Decade is the decade between thirty-five and forty-five years old. This is a fork in the road where you are coming up on your prime and your body is starting to go downhill. During this deadline you put your foot on the gas pedal as hard as you can to accelerate. You want to feel as if you’ve accomplished something in life. In then runs in to the Renewal Phase or Resignation phase. In the mid-forties

The Rich Heritage And Culture Of Penang Tourism Essay Essay Example

The Rich Heritage And Culture Of Penang Tourism Essay Essay Example The Rich Heritage And Culture Of Penang Tourism Essay Essay The Rich Heritage And Culture Of Penang Tourism Essay Essay Penang frequently referred to as Pearl of the Orient is one of Malaysia s most visited tourer finishs. The rich heritage and civilization of Penang is really much reflected within its beautiful edifices and landmarks. Backpacker travel has become a favourite travel form for those who are capable of going independently. However, small has done so far in the backpacking land. The motive factors for travel will so be explored in two specific attacks. First, motive is examined more closely with mention to the demands and wants to go ( the push factors ) and 2nd, in footings of the appealing properties of Penang ( the pull factors ) . Goossens ( 2000 ) stated that push motivations have been utile for explicating the desire to travel on a holiday, while pull motivations have usefully explained the pick of finish. The formations of backpacker motive leads to a better apprehension of how push and pull factors influence Penang growing as an international touristry finish. Problem statement Harmonizing to Sorensen ( 2003 ) , South East Asia is the most popular part for international backpacker and that backpackers are ( future ) pillars of society. Even so, few figures document the growing of backpacker touristry, although it is estimated that backpackers account for 8 % of international tourers to Australia classs of conventional touristry statistics ( Loker-Murphy and Pearce 1995 in Sorensen, 2003 ) . However, in stead of quantitative verification, backpacker development can be seen turning with a figure of backpacker guidebooks such as Alone Planet and service substructure such as budget adjustment. Despite the fact that backpackers market in Penang can be developed into going an international backpacker touristry finish, small is known about the factors that influence tourer s trials, more specifically, backpackers determination to see Penang. Almost wherever it is feasible, authorities are actively prosecuting touristry growing in their states ( Scheyvens, 2002 ) . Governments are peculiarly interested in international touristry, believing that international touristry brings their states legion economic benefits including employment chances, concern development and foreign exchange net incomes. In footings of developing new markets in Malaysia, the focal point has been on international mass tourers. Musa and Lee ( 2008 ) suggested that touristry governments in Malaysia should happen ways to section its market and place new niche market sections so that the demands of tourers can be better satisfied. Herein, a section that has been mostly discouraged by touristry contrivers, no n merely in Malaysia, but besides in a figure of South-east Asiatic states is the backpacker section. This is supported by Ateljevic and Boorne ( 2004 ) , saying that authoritiess were frequently negative or impersonal every bit far as encouraging backpacker touristry was concerned. It has besides been hard to pull out backpackers from arrival statistics in order to gauge accurately the size and importance of this market. This probe seeks to foreground the demand for national and international research on backpackers by supplying some historical apprehension of this signifier of budget touristry and some nucleus informations on what motivates a backpacker to go. Furthermore, an scrutiny of the current literature on backpacker emphasiss that surveies tend to concentrate on the economic significance and impacts of backpacker touristry. Small systematic empirical research has been conducted to lend to an apprehension of the features, motives and behaviors of backpackers. Harmonizing to Richards and Wilson ( 2004 ) comparatively small empirical research was done on the immature independent traveller or the backpacker market. Besides, surveies have tended to associate to finishs such as Australia and South Africa. To aim Penang as an international backpacker touristry finish, it is hence critical to understand the motive of backpackers, specifically on what are the factors that pushed them to go and at the same time, what factors pushed them that create their purposes in taking Penang as their favourable backpacking finish. The fundamental of their motives which draw their perceptual experience of Penang as their finish lead to their travel determination devising. And this in return contributes to the state s development. Traditionally, push motivations have been usefully explained the desire to travel on a holiday, while pull motivations have usefully explained the pick of finish ( Cook, Yale A ; Marqua, 2006:43 ) . Analyzing the push and pull factors promises a better apprehension for touristry participants to advance and market Penang as an international backpacking touristry finish. The push and pull factors provide a utile attack for analyzing the motivational factors underlying tourer a nd trial behavior ( Kim, Lee A ; Kleosky, 2003 ) and therefore, resulted in their travel finish pick. Research aims To find the push factor that motivated a backpacker to go. To find the pull factors that Penang has that motivated backpacker to go. To place the relationship between finish pick and determination devising. Research inquiries What are the push factors that influenced backpackers determination to take a finish as their travel pick? What are the pull factors of Penang that influenced backpackers determination in taking Penang as their finish? What are the relationship between finish pick and determination devising? 1.3 Variables and suggested relationship among variables Independent Variable Determinants of travel ( Push factor ) Destination property ( Pull factor ) Destination-choice Dependent Variables Decision-making Made by backpackers whether to take Penang as their backpacking finish Figure 1: Variables used in this survey Definitions of footings Backpacking touristry Defined as an drawn-out, multi-destination travel, enduring several months or old ages, and is typically undertaken by Western young persons ( Noy, 2004 ) . Backpacker Tourism Research Australia defines a backpacker as a visitant who stayed at least one dark in backpacker/hostel adjustment during travel in Australia . Backpacker is characterized by budget-conciousness and a flexible touristry manner, with most participants going entirely or in little groups ( Scheyvens, 2003 ) . Motivation Can be described as the drive force within persons that impels them to action. This driving force is produced as a consequence of an unrealized demand ( Schiffman A ; Kanuk, 2000 ) . Push factors These factors describe how persons are pushed by motives variables. In other words, push motives are related to the tourer s desire, internal or emotional facets ( Yoon A ; Uysal, 2005 ) . Pull factors Pull factors refer to those forces that influence a individual s determination about of which specific finish is selected. Pull factors may be extremely personal every bit good as more generalised ( Kim Lee A ; Klenosky, 2003 ) . Finish attributes A uniquely complex merchandise of the touristry industry, consisting among other factors, an country s clime, substructure and superstructure, services and natural attractive forces ( Kim, 1998 ) . Decision doing Leads to the concluding pick of a travel finish which is influenced by a figure of psychological ( internal ) and non-psychological ( external ) variables ( Dellaert, Etterma A ; Lindh, 1998 ) . Destination pick Tourist s choice of a finish from a set of options which is determined by assorted motivational factors ( Hsu, Tsai and Wu, 2009 ) . Boundary lines Small sample size due to miss of work force and limited fund This restriction occurred when samples are targeted entirely at backpackers at Penang and hence, the surveies represent merely the motives of a little group of backpackers peculiarly in Penang merely. Data aggregation could non done with a large sample size as deficiency of work force to roll up informations and to administer questionnaires could non be done. As a consequence, generalisation could non be made and holistic consequence could non be achieved since the sample size is non diversified. In future, a survey possibly conducted in a larger population. Very few information on backpackers arrival in Penang every bit good as in Malaya Tourist reachings Numberss normally do non include backpacker reachings. In a statistic from the hotel tenancy rate, informations were merely gathered from hotel evaluation of one to five stars which excluded budget adjustments such as backpacker hostel and guesthouse. As a consequence of this, the exact figures of backpacker reaching in Penang could non be retrieved. Cooperation from budget adjustment proprietor seems to be hard Guesthouse proprietor sometimes do non give cooperation and they do non allow research to be done with their invitees in regard of their guest privateness. Cooperation from guesthouse proprietor is earnestly needed as targeted respondents would be backpackers and that research is conducted in the guesthouse if allowable. 1.6 Significance of survey The determination of this survey is indispensable because: It provides a agency for authorities to advance Penang as an international backpacker touristry finish. It is of import to analyze the push and pull motive factors in order to understand the demands and wants and therefore, advancing Penang consequently. Determine the best property of Penang that can pull backpackers. Acknowledge the factors that contribute to backpacker determination in taking Penang as their backpacking finish. Identify the parts of backpackers to Penang s local development. This survey is an geographic expedition that will assist academicians, practician, every bit good as determination shapers to be after effectual and efficient pattern to supply practical service quality solution toward run intoing client s satisfaction, demands and wants. 2.0 Review of related literature This chapter reviews the literature in the context of this survey. It presents the literature and information about travel motives specifically in this survey, push and pull factors which motivated backpackers to take up backpacking trip. These relationships are farther explored into how the factors influence their determination devising. The relationships between destination-choice and determination devising are farther explained below and eventually with a decision. 2.1 Motivation Motivation has been referred to as psychological or biological demands and wants, including built-in forces that arouse, direct, and incorporate a individual s behaviour and activity. This is strongly supported by Lee, Chen and Hua ( 2005 ) , saying that there must be a motive for each traveling form since it guides the activities of an single since motive maintain the activity traveling toward a certain accomplishment to predate interior bosom tracking. Different type of travellers exhibit important differences. Assorted people embark on journey for different grounds, and these experiences mean different things for them ( Uriely, Yonay A ; Simchai, 2002 ) Therefore, motive is considered to be the driving force that dominate the traveling form in order to fulfill one s desire and to increase self value. Peoples travel with different intents harmonizing to their demands and wants, and these demands and wants affect their motive to go. Correia et Al. ( 2007 ) agreed to this point and farther elaborate that people decide to go for different grounds and motivations which is perceived as forces to cut down a province of tensenesss. Determining the factors that influence people s pick of finish derived from the motive that one has. Harmonizing to Hsu et Al. ( 2009 ) , travel motive has been an of import country of survey in the touristry literature. The survey in this paper is based on the motive construct of push and pulls factors. As motive is a dynamic construct it may change from one individual to another, from one finish to another and from one decision-making procedure to the following. The push and pull factors provide a utile attack for analyzing the motives underlying tourer motive and how it influences the determination doing procedure as to whether take a peculiar finish as their backpacking finish pick. Lam A ; Hsu ( 2006 ) identifies that the underlying thought of the push and pull theoretical account is the decomposition of an person s pick of a travel finish into two forces. The first force pushes a tourist manner from place that derived from the general desire to travel and be someplace else, without stipulating where that may be. The 2nd force is of a part specific enticement that pulls a tourer towards a finish and are chiefly related to the sensed attraction of a finish ( Bansal A ; Eiselt, 2004 ) . These forces describe how persons are pushed by internal variables and how they are pulled by travel finish attributes. Lam and Hsu ( 2005 ) illustrated that the several push and pull factors of travel are due to the internal motivations of an person and the external forces of a finish. These factors guide people s attitudes and these attitudes so lead to behavioral purposes of taking a travel finish. The push motives have so been utile for explicating the desire for travel, while the pull motives were used to exemplify the existent property of a peculiar finish pick. 2.1.1 Determinants of travel as push factors Push factors have been conceptualized as motivational factors or demands that arise due to a disequilibrium or tenseness in the motivational system ( Kim, Lee A ; Klenosky, 2003 ) and they had since became the determiners of travel. Push factors are internally generated thrusts doing tourer to seek for marks in objects, state of affairss and events that contain the promise of cut downing prevailing thrusts ( Gnoth, 1997 ) . Yoon and Uysal ( 2005 ) confirmed the old statement, lucubrating that push motives are related to tourers desire either internally or emotionally. The force of push factor pushes an single off from place and efforts to develop a general desire to go without stipulating where that may be. The basic push motives for travel among tourers are a mixture of geographic expedition, exhilaration and relaxation. Richards and Wilson ( 2004 ) , nevertheless, argued that backpackers are motivated by experiential factor, unlike tourers who are more likely to be in hunt of rel axations. Backpackers in peculiar tend to underscore on points related to see seeking and are less concerned about relaxation. Push motives can be seen as the desire for flight, remainder and relaxation, freshness seeking and exhilaration. As Yoon and Uysal ( 2005 ) stated, tourers may go to get away everyday and hunt for reliable experiences. The thought that tourers may go to get away modus operandi of mundane life may presume their trip as a ground to get away from personal or interpersonal environment ( Kim, Lee and Klenosky, 2003 ) . Backpackers frequently report feelings of dissaisfaaction with their place societies and the force per unit areas of mundane life ( Maoz, 2007 ) and they by and large see travel as a signifier of flight and as a opportunity for personal growing and a hunt of significance. By get awaying their mundane environment, a individual can go forth behind the personal and/or interpersonal universe with assorted grounds, such as personal jobs, problems, troubles and failures or the day-to-day interpersonal universe ( Ross and Iso-Ahola, 1991 ) . Mansfeld ( 2002 ) explained the causal relationship between stimulations, in this instance, push factor and determination on where to travel based on an analysis of the motivational phase which reveals the manner in which people set ends for their finish pick and how these ends are so reflected in their finish pick. In a survey of motive of backpackers in South Africa, Niggel and Benson ( 2008 ) confirmed that push factor of flight was extremely important in which it ranked the 3rd most of import push. Harmonizing to Maoz ( 2007 ) , backpackers besides attempt to get away from a really mercenary, stressed and rough society to happen safety in an reliable, pure, relaxed and aboriginal finish. Complexity, freshness and diverseness are every bit good of import actuating factors in the pick of activities and finishs ( Atljenic A ; Doorne, 2004 ) . For case, the public-service corporation acquired by a determination as a consequence of its ability to elicit wonder, supply freshness and/or to fulfill a desire of cognition can be seen reflected in a sustained civilization of North American pupils desire to research Europe in a back pack travel manner during summer vacations ( Bansalt A ; Eiselt, 2004 ) . Benson ( 2008 ) stated that the demand to research and larn as wonder and the hunt for the significance of the universe as innate and cardinal thrusts proved to be most important to backpackers. Lepp A ; Gibson ( 2004 ) clarified that sing a fresh finish may be one manner of reconstructing psychological balance. Freshness seeking might be associated with an person s life style or environment features. Besides freshness seeking, backpackers primary motive for travel may every bit good be to seek experiences of escapade and genuineness. The hunt is construed non as a affair of leisure, but as a meaningful, experiential desire that may indue the person s individuality with a richer and fuller experience. As Noy ( 2004 ) discussed in his surveies, backpacker is besides be viewed as an authenticist tourer as they insist on seeking untasted and good finish. 2.1.2 Destination attributes as pull factors Kim, Lee A ; Klenosky ( 2003 ) conceptualised the facts of pull factors as associating to the characteristics, attractive forces, or properties of the finish itself. The pull factors force an single towards a finish due to specific enticement ( touchable and intangible cues ) that attract people to recognize the demands of a peculiar travel experiences ( Lam A ; Hsu, 2006 ) in which it measures the finish s ability to pull attractive forces. Each finish has its ain properties to offer from a broad scope of merchandises and services that acts as a enticement. Emotions and feelings about finish attributes likely motivate tourers to be after a trip ( Goossens, 2000 ) . Destination attributes may excite and reenforce push motives because people are pushed by motive variables into doing travel determinations. Harmonizing to Gnoth ( 1997 ) , pull factors are generated by the cognition about end properties which an person holds. The usage of the listing of finish properties harmonizing to Bansalt and Eiselt ( 2004 ) from which travel motivations are inferred act as an external force to an person and it influences where people travel, given the initial desire to go. Destination attributes could be many and differ from one finish to another and tourers were granted the chance to take from the set of finishs. The comparative importance of finish properties varies consequently to the initial motivational factors, in footings of their travel intent ( Kim, Lee A ; Klenosky, 2003 ) . Preference sets and finish properties harmonizing to Kozak ( 2002 ) can be matched to specific psychographic profiles of tourers. For illustration, the flight relaxation backpackers may fit their finish pick with penchant for finish with night life and amusement. Mansfeld ( 2002 ) noted that it is good documented in surveies that on the travel motive of tourers that random and irrational motive can alter the full manner of measuring properties that eventually leads to destination choice. The image of a topographic point is an holistic concept which derived from attitudes towards the finishs perceived touristry properties. Backpackers do non take, but instead, the properties are possessed and backpackers use perceptual experience of properties as input factors to measure public-service corporation ( Um A ; Cromp ton, 1990 ) . Practical concerns such as increased media exposure and safer, speedier and more comfy travel may be the factors act uponing the entreaty of finishs. Ads are directed towards possible tourers trying to prise and entice these tourers out of their places at the same clip, advancing a specific finish. The utility of this construct is to pattern the intangible intrinsic desires of a tourer to travel on holiday ( Kozak, 2002 ) and to excite and reenforce built-in push motives. 2.2 Relationship between destination-choice and decision-making Most surveies of tourers travel pick reference tourers finish picks as the cardinal component in decision-making ( Dellaert, Ettemas A ; Lindh, 1998 ) . Richards and Wilson ( 2004 ) emphasised that decision-making procedure of backpackers is significance for touristry market as a whole. Harmonizing to Gnoth ( 1997 ) , consumers based their determinations about finishs on the properties, installations and experiences that they anticipate. At the really root of every finish pick is the assignments of public-service corporation values to assorted parts of the finish option and these parts are so referred to as finish property. The image and attitude dimensions of a topographic point as a travel finish are likely to be critical elements in the finish pick procedure, irrespective of whether or non they are the representations of what that topographic point has to offer ( Um A ; Crompton, 1990 ) . As a cardinal component in the travel decision-making procedure, tourers determinations are complex multi-faceted determinations in which the picks for different elements are interrelated. Assorted forms of tourer flows yield consequences from a differential choice-process that derives from a assortment of tourer demands, outlooks and background ( Mansfeld, 1992 ) . The determiners of whether to take depend on their perceptual experience that in the terminal, act upon their pick. Harmonizing to Hsu, Tsai A ; Wu ( 2009 ) , finish pick can be conceptualised as a tourer s choice of a finish signifier a set of options and that choice is determined by assorted motivational factors. Therefore, finish pick is the apogee of a combination of the thrust and anticipation factors. Goossens ( 2000 ) pointed out that push and pull factors have to be incorporated in the motivational mechanism that triggers the finish pick procedure. In add-on to motive, causal factors such as the handiness of clip, economic resources and old experiences may every bit good act upon the procedure of finish pick. This reflects the demand to optimise benefits within the restraints of disposable clip and money. The destination-choice of tourers as with many other sorts of picks involves a grade of uncertainness. One can leave a more realistic importance of both rational and irrational elements that influence the determination procedure and its effects. Mansfeld ( 1992 ) explained the holiday sequence which is really much controlled by both push and pull factors, where tourer is foremost motivated by given push factors to take a holiday. Having been so motivated, the person has to do a determination whether to travel on jaunt or to remain at place. This determination is based on an appraisal of single restraints as good the predominating economic state of affairs. If the determination is to set about a trip, the remainder of the determination procedure is channeled through the phases of information assemblage, riddance of options and eventually, the existent finish pick. An analysis of motivational phase can uncover the manner people set ends for their finish pick. Destination direction could either advance properties that best lucifer tourer motives or concentrate on a different market where tourer motives and finish resources match each other. Therefore, the determiners of touristry info hunt procedure comprise the grade of assorted push and pull factors associated with the finish during the decision-making procedure. The comparative importance of motivational factors resulted from assorted forms of tourer yielded consequences from a differential pick procedure that derived from a assortment of tourer demands, outlook and backgrounds ( Mansfeld, 2002 ) . 2.3 Decision Push and pull factors should non be viewed as being wholly independent of each other, but instead as being basically related. In peculiar, internal factors drive travel while external factors attract backpackers. In make up ones minding where to travel, backpackers should take in to consideration assorted pull factors which correspond adequately to their push motives. Therefore, placing influential factors is indispensable in make up ones minding where the finish of one s travel will be. The finish pick procedure is hence related to tourers appraisals of finish properties and their sensed public-service corporation ( Kozak, 2002 ) . 3.0 The analysis of informations The intent of this chapter is to supply an apprehension of the method of aggregation and the relevant analytical issues to be addressed. It presents informations needed and informations aggregation technique, questionnaire design, trying technique and information analysis. 3.1 Data needed and the agencies to obtain informations Data needed in this survey was far making whereby it needs to fit several aims. First, it must be able to supply penetrations into understanding of travel motive ( push and pull factors ) on tourers. Second, it must be able to prove the relationships between variables utilizing the statistical agencies. Finally, the chosen research design must run into cost and clip considerations in position of types of information required and the handiness of resources. For the intent of this survey, different methods of informations aggregation have been utilised such as the assemblage of secondary informations and primary informations through questionnaires study. 3.1.1 Secondary Data Collection The aggregation of secondary informations for the survey was chiefly from published articles, studies, diaries or books relevant to the field of survey. The information include one-year studies, known published paperss from earlier surveies and relevant authorities paperss. Huge and dependable sum of electronic informations through had been easy retrieved from the cyberspace. These informations were downloaded from reputable and dependable resources to help research worker in the readying of this survey. 3.1.2 Primary Data Collection The aggregation of primary informations for this survey involves an on-site self-administered questionnaire at three different vicinities. The questionnaire consists of three subdivisions, viz. subdivision A, B and C. Section A covered demographic inquiries of backpackers sing Penang. Close-ended inquiries are used to obtain background information such as age, gender, monthly income, educational makings, matrimonial position and business position. Section B covered inquiries on push factors while Section C covered inquiries pull factors that influenced backpackers trial to Penang with a five- point likert graduated table. 3.2 Sampling Technique 3.2.1 Study population and sample size This survey will be conducted at Batu Ferringhi, and in between the territory of Chulia Street and Love Lane. These vicinities are chosen because they are located in the town country and can be accessed easy. The targeted population of the study is invitees remaining in budget adjustment, including international and domestic backpackers, who stayed in guesthouse, backpackers lodge and inn during the informations aggregation period. The targeted population of this survey involves entirely backpackers sing Penang and the survey will be conducted within a month. The population chosen will be indiscriminately selected from invitees remaining at any budget adjustment within the mentioned country. A sum of 900 questionnaires will be distributed and 300 questionnaires are to be distributed in the mentioned three vicinities which are ( one ) Batu Feringghi, ( two ) territory of Chulia Street and ( three ) Love Lane. 300 questionnaires will be distributed indiscriminately at each country, doi ng a sum of 900 questionnaires at the three cumulative countries. Out of the 300 questionnaires given at a peculiar vicinity, merely 169 will be used every bit sample as for some questionnaires may be uncomplete and hence, those questionnaires will so be excluded. 3.2.2 Sampling technique The trying method that will be used in this research is convenience trying choice ( unrestricted chance trying ) . The choice of participants for a survey is based on their propinquity to the research worker and the easiness with which research worker can entree the participants. Questionnaires were distributed at random at the three vicinities. The first 10 yearss, questionnaire a figure of 225 questionnaires are to be distributed in within the vicinity of Chulia Street. The undermentioned 10 yearss a figure of 225 questionnaires will be distributed in the vicinity of Love Lane whereas the staying 225 questionnaires will be distributed during the last 10 yearss at Batu Feringghi. Datas Analysis To place both push and pull factors that influence decision-making as stated in sub-problem one and two, informations will be analyzed with the Statistical Package for the Social Sciences ( SPSS ) . Descriptive statistics such as simple frequences and average evaluations will be computed on travel motives amongst backpackers going to Penang. To analyze the overall differences between degrees of socio-demographic variables in push and pull factors, a multivariate analysis of discrepancy ( MANOVA ) process will be conducted. Is statistical analysis is found, a follow-up one manner ANOVA trial will Bonferroni multiple comparings rectification or t-tests will be later undertaken to analyze the important differences between social-demographic subgroups ( stand foring different degrees of age, business, instruction, gender and income ) on the push and pull factors. However, if important differences in one-way trials occur, Duncan s multiple scope trial will be used to analyze the beginning of differences across the respondent subgroups. Finally, to analyze the 3rd bomber job which is placing the relationship between finish pick and determination devising, Pearson s correlativity coefficients will be computed to place the grade of interrelatednesss among the two dimensions.

Time Management Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words - 3

Time Management - Essay Example Chris had to seek help on time management after failing in a job interview due to lateness. The head of the interviewing panel was particular to him that they would not like an employee who comes to work late. He therefore got time management skills from a management consultant to whom his brother recommended him. The consultant took him through a series of lessons on time management skills such as planning and prioritizing before testing him on the learned skills and finally subjecting him to a series of rigorous instances that required application of the skills. He was efficient in time management before the end of his scheduled exercises. Stacy however learnt her time management skills through observing her friend’s ability in time management. She severally visited her friend after learning of her efficiency in time management and helped the friend in undertaking her activities. It took her some time but she eventually adopted her friend’s potential in time managemen t (Marquis and Huston, p. 188). It is very difficult to manage time in college. This is because of scarcity of time relative to possible ventures such as attending classes, undertaking personal studies, and participating in extra curriculum

Louis Pasteur Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words - 1

Louis Pasteur - Essay Example To understand the process better we may think of, the old fashioned idea of home canning process where we use heat united with combined given temperatures’ to kill the harmful germs. Most foods may be pasteurized examples includes milk, and most form of cooked foods such as the cooked vegetables. Louis Pasteur discovered the process, when summoned by alcohol manufacturing company to determine the cause of beetroot alcohol to sour. During that time, many scientists thought that the fermentation was a merely chemical process. He did research into fermentation, which led him to find out that it was yeast, one of the living organisms that crooked the beet to alcohol. Yeast was plump and round under the microscope, after being spoiled by the alcohol, it contained another different microbe that looked like a rode-shaped. He speculated that the different rod shaped known as the Mycoderma acetic, frequently used to create vinegar, caused the wine to be spoiled (Fandel, Wilson, Ramos & Barnett, 2007). His pasteurization discovery formed the germ of Pasteur or the germ theory of fermentation. He could apply the same notion to the genesis of diseases making to have the greatest contribution in medicine and science. This made Emperor Napoleon III of France enlisted him to save France industries of wine from the diseases. His main role was to establish exact temperature, and time that would take to destroy the harmful microorganisms found in the wine without transforming the taste of the wine. He untested the process and named it pasteurization (Fandel, Wilson, Ramos & Barnett, 2007). With time, the process was incorporated in making vinegar and beer. He came up with a practical technique for the curb of beer fermentation; he provided a rational methodology for the brewing industry. Besides these he devised a technique used in the manufacturing of beer, which

Law and the Corporation Case Study Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2000 words

Law and the Corporation - Case Study Example There are two types, one, as mentioned above is a Public Limited Company, and the other is a Private Limited Company, which as the name suggests cannot sell its shares to the general public. In the UK, the Companies Act permits several people to form a company for any business that is lawful. Private companies are the easiest kind of company to begin as well as run in their initial stages. Company's name should always end with "Limited" or "Ltd" (Ewan 2004 p 20). Lugi must keep in mind that this type of company is often a family business; directors of these firms tend to be shareholders and are involved in the running of the organization. Normally the shares of Private Companies can only be transferred to another person if the consent of all the other shareholders is obtained. Private Limited Companies as does a PLC have to apply to the Registrar of Companies, submitting a number of documents, which have to be delivered to the Registrar of Companies at Companies House. The two most important are the Memorandum of Association and Articles of Association, in addition to these; there is a Statutory Declaration, which states that the requirements of the Companies Act have been followed. When the registrar is satisfied, then a certificate of incorporation will be given, the company can then begin trading at once (World Bank 2007 p5). I would advice Lugi to start his business as a limited company as just 2 share capital is required to set up a private limited company. Limited Companies are made with a share capital that is authorized (authorized shared capital) as well as with a share capital which is issued (issued shared capital). The authorized share capital can be called the total number of shares that exist in a company which is multiplied by the nominal value of each share. But he must keep in mind that not all such shares might have been issued. The issued share capital is exactly same calculation in respect of each and every one of the issued shares. A company that is incorporated in England as well as Wales can be made with whichever number of shares of any value, in any currency. For instance, there might be 10,000 shares with a nominal value of 1p, or 100 shares each of 1. In both cases the share capital would came out to be 10 (Henry 2006 p 19). Advantages for Limited Company: The core reasons why Lugi should open a limited company is as follows: Control of the company cannot be lost to outsiders, more people are prepared to risk money because shareholders have limited liability, more capital can be raised because there is no limit to the number of shareholders and, the company is a separate legal entity and therefore, as such has a continuous legal existence, separate from the individuals who are its shareholders. Its existence is unaffected by changes in the directors and other shareholders, and the work of the business can thus carry on with a minimum of interruption (contrast this with the death of a sole proprietor) (Stephen 2000 p 10). DisadvantagesLike every business even limited business has risks, Lugi must be fully prepared to manage those risks and disadvantages. They are as follows:shared profits among a larger amount of people, the legal procedure to set up the business, as a consequence of this there is a cost in

Pollution Essay: Silent Spring, How Rachel Carson Changed the World :: Environment Environmental Preservation

Silent Spring - How Rachel Carson Changed the World On September 27, 1962 Rachel Carson released her sixth book, Silent Spring. On publication day, the advance sales of Silent Spring totaled 40,000 copies and another 150 copies were sent to the Book of the Month Club (Frontline: Fooling With Nature, 1998). Silent Spring remained on the bestseller list for almost a year. The world was beginning to take notice. Countless experts and organizations have proclaimed Rachel Carsonà ¢s book the starting point of the environmental movement. Carson described numerous case studies where the use of hazardous pesticides, insecticides, and other chemicals led to environmental problems all over the world. Whether directly or indirectly, everything in the environment is connected and affected by each other. Silent Spring describes, in depth, the harmful effects that chemical control has placed on all components of the environment. They include: air, water, land, wildlife, plant life, and humans. I will discuss each of these categories as examined in Silent Spring along with my personal analysis. First I will discuss the damage from chemicals released in the air. Aerial spraying of pesticides, mostly DDT, began on a small scale over farms and forests. With the development of new insecticides and the availability of planes from the war, the sky almost literally turned into a shower of toxic chemicals. The justification behind the massive sprayings of the 1950à ¢s was to exterminate exotic species like the fire ant, and the gypsy moth. The spraying was extremely careless, and resulted in heavily populated towns and cities repeatedly being sprayed with DDT (Carson, 1962). Unfortunately, people and wildlife sprayed with DDT along with other chemicals had no warnings and no way to protect themselves. The government, without consent of those affected, risked the health of those exposed to the pesticides and the quality of the environment. Nearly everyone was exposed to the risks, in a direct or indirect way, from the extensive aerial spraying. As described in the book, the gypsy moth is not a native of the United States. It had persisted in the U.S. for a great number of years without any need for extensive control measures. Carson states, à £Yet drastic action was suddenly taken against them under the end-justifies-the-means philosophyà ¤ (Carson, 1962, p.156). Therefore, unnecessary health risks and damage to the environment were considered acceptable in order to eliminate the gypsy moth, which has repeatedly been unsuccessful. One reason the gypsy moth still thrives is because, like many insects, they have developed resistance to the chemicals targeted against them.

Portfolio Management of Research Projects Essay

1 Introduction More and more, organizations rely on research projects in order to stay updated on new technologies, processes and practices on their fields. Through them, they remain ahead in the competition and sustain their competitive advantages. This is specially the case for organizations that are on the top of their industry and which other organizations follow closely to benchmark their strategic moves. This seems applicable for private organizations, however research and development also plays a big role in public organizations. In the last few decades there has been an increased belief that organized research and development could stimulate economic growth and contribute to improving economic welfare. Given this, governments provide research and development (R&D) funding in order to promote scientific and technological development. With the increased need for production of scientific and technological knowledge in the public sector, there has been an increase in R&D activities performed by private organizations in order to match these production needs. Whether they are of a public or private nature, organizations rely on projects as means to deliver results. This derives in the tendency to engage in several projects simultaneously. Organizations group these projects in portfolios which should be managed in order to decide its composition and strategic moves. This managerial task is known as Portfolio Management which applied to R&D projects is defined as:  Ã¢â‚¬Å"a dynamic decision process, whereby a business’s list of active new product (and R&D) projects is constantly updated and revised. In this process, new projects are evaluated, selected, and prioritized; existing projects may be accelerated, killed, or deprioritized,; and resources are allocated an reallocated to the active projects. The portfolio decision process is characterized by uncertain and changing information, dynamic opportunities, multiple goals and strategic considerations, interdependence among projects, and multiple decision-makers and locations† (Cooper, Edgett, & Kleinschmidt, 2001). Portfolio Management of Research Projects in the Public and Private Sectors The aim of the present thesis is to gain a better understanding on how this process is applied in both a public and a private setting. The thesis work focuses on the analysis of one public organization and two private organizations. While the sample may not be representative to completely understand the behaviour of organizations and their portfolio management, it provides an opportunity to model the process in these settings. The project is lead through a series of iterative literature review supported by interviews and document analysis. The research questions represent the point of reference to start the research. This project is approached with an open mind, which allows re-evaluating the initial assumptions of the thesis and gives flexibility to the researcher. A more in-depth description of the  methodology followed in this report can be found in the fourth chapter of this project. The motivation behind this master thesis developed from previous studies on project management of research projects. During these studies a less known topic came up: portfolio management of research projects. It appeared that, while it was a less known topic, it was not of less importance. Through discussions with professionals from both research institutions and industrial organizations, it became evident the relevance of the topic. I was motivated by this relevancy which is present in both the public and private sectors. 2 Trondheim, NTNU MSc in Project Management, Thesis 2 Problem Formulation This master thesis aims to present a description and comparison of the process of portfolio management of research projects undertaken in a public and a private organization. The major focus in this regard is to identify the commonalities and differences of the organizations’ practices with respect to portfolio management and obtain a better understanding on how the process works in both organizations. This understanding and thesis will hopefully be helpful for organizations that seriously consider R&D and for researches who will work on this topic in the future. There may be several research questions that can be studied in connection with portfolio management of research projects. I choose to consider some important research questions within the scope of this master thesis. The research questions are presented and explained below. 2.1 Research Questions The focus of the investigation behind this project is based on the following  questions: How do organizations perform the portfolio management process? How do organizations select which research projects should make up their company’s project portfolio? How do public and private organizations define success in research projects? What drives the difference across firms, if any? 3 Portfolio Management of Research Projects in the Public and Private Sectors The model is based on my assumption that organizational strategy plays a major role in the way an organization proceeds to lead the activities associated with managing its portfolio of research projects, which in turn have the main purpose of generating knowledge and possibly bring competitive advantages to the organization. Based on this understanding the research approach, as will be explained in a later section, was developed in order to study to what extent the model reflects reality. Though the terms strategy and knowledge are not explicitly mentioned in the research questions, both terms are underlying aspects that reflect on the research questions and hence this study. The research questions and research model are connected to each other and complement each other in such a way to highlight the topic this thesis. 2.3 Importance of Thesis As part of a previous project for the Specialization Course of the Master in Project Management at NTNU, I got acquainted with the challenges and  uncertainties associated with research projects. During the research phase and in discussions with interviewees from research institutions and industrial organizations, peers and professors it became evident that one area of interest in R&D for those developing in the R&D environment is the one related to portfolio management of such projects. While portfolio management is an important topic in the literature of Project Management, there are fewer investigations that link this topic with specifically research projects. This may be because only recently the interest in research projects has been growing and this discipline is now seen as a potential tool for business success and competitive advantage. It became clear that organizations rely more on projects as a means to deliver results. Organizations arrange projects in portfolios according to their goals and strategy. Research projects, which may be among the projects in the portfolio or be the sole elements of the portfolio as will be explained later, help organizations keep updated in new technologies, methodologies, processes, etc. However, in private organizations investing in Research projects, whether internally or externally obtained, may seem as an unnecessary expenditure given the focus on day to day processes. On the other hand, there are public 4 Trondheim, NTNU MSc in Project Management, Thesis  organizations specifically dedicated to generate or fund research projects in order to generate knowledge and development of public interest.  Either way, both private and public organizations that wish to remain competitive have a tendency to undertake research projects. The nature of both organizations may lead to different approaches on how to manage their portfolios. This could develop into managerial activities that while work on one setting may not be useful on the other and vice versa. Getting to understand how these managerial activities are performed in the public and  private settings can give future researchers and organizations interested in R&D projects an insight on some of the current practices in these settings. 2.4 Research Approach Once the importance of the topic was clarified the topic was better delimited through literature review and brief discussions with academics and professionals knowledgeable in the area. Literature review includes basic theory of portfolio management, research projects, portfolio management of research projects. Furthermore I used theories on portfolio evaluation and selection and tools and techniques for portfolio management. This general literature provides a framework within which I could look at and describe portfolio management of research projects. Portfolio management of research projects can be seen in two ways. One is when a company has a portfolio that includes all types of projects (IT, construction, R&D, etc.) and makes selection, resource allocation or termination decisions considering all of these projects. I will call this a Mixed Project Portfolio (Figure 2: Project portfolio), where Project (P) 1, 2†¦ N, coexist with Research Project (RP) 1, 2†¦ N. Figure 2: Project portfolio consisting of mixed projects The other way of looking at portfolio management of research projects can be when a company either undertakes only research projects or they simply manage them Yolanda Yebra Aguado 5 Portfolio Management of Research Projects in the Public and Private Sectors  independently of the projects which support day to day activities (IT, procurement, etc.) In this case, it is possible to talk about a Portfolio of Research Projects (Figure 3: Portfolio of research projects), in which activities of portfolio management are done only considering the interdependencies of research projects within the portfolio. Figure 3: Portfolio of research projects For purposes of this project, the focus is on this second way of looking at portfolio management, where the organizations’ portfolio consists only of research projects; hence the context of this study. This research study is based on an iterative process – a learning cycle – which helped refine the course of the study and further investigation. Based on this an interview guide was created; this interview represents the basis for the qualitative approach in this paper. The interview, as it will be explained later, is a semi-structured interview allowing the researcher to address the issue with an open mind as well as giving the opportunity to direct the interview in the desired direction or adding relevant topics. In addition to the interviews, document analysis is also used to support the topic. The analysis of the document is done adhering to the same premises and perspective of the interviews with the aim of finding important and relevant information. This process helped create a framework within which it was possible to operate in a flexible manner. Through this, the research questions were refined and fine-tuned in order to emphasise the main elements of the research topic. To complete the research, I present an analysis of the findings. Whenever comparisons are possible, they will be presented. Finally conclusions that resulted from the analysis will be drawn. Further information on the methodology followed for this project is explained in the following chapters. 6 Trondheim, NTNU MSc in Project Management, Thesis 2.5 Scope and Limitations The major limitation associated with this project comes from the amount of time dedicated to the investigation. The project is developed during the spring semester of 2011 as a master thesis for the Project Management program. Due to this time limitation, the number of cases to be analysed will be limited to three organizations. Though the sample may not be representative to fully understand the behaviour of organizations and their portfolio management, it provides an opportunity to look at some kind of pattern in organizations’ practices with respect to portfolio management of research projects. Furthermore, this thesis can be used as a base for further research in the matter; a stepping stone to go further. In the cases where specific literature regarding research and development projects was hard to find or of no access, general literature on portfolio management and project management is used as a source to discuss relevant issues. The same applies to models and tools consulted on the matter. Regardless of these limitations, I believe that a better understanding on the topic will be possible through this study to reach conclusions and provide a base or reference for academics, practitioners as well as general public who are interested in the topic. 3 Theoretical Background This chapter presents the theoretical background of the report. To begin  with, the concepts associated with the main topic Portfolio Management of Research Projects (PMRP) are presented. The objective of this is to get acquainted with them, to have a better understanding of what is discussed by different authors and to choose specific definitions to work with. Once the main topics and definitions are introduced, three main concepts related to PMRP are presented. The first one is the influence of Strategy in PMRP and why organizations choose to rely on strategy to support it. The next section deals with the Selection process and presents some methods and criteria for project evaluation and selection suggested by the literature available. The third concept is project Success, which is explored from an overall project management perspective and more particularly from a public and private organization perspective. The concept of success is looked at in order to understand what organizations perceive as successful and how it impacts their business in future strategy, project selection and other areas. 9 Portfolio Management of Research Projects in the Public and Private Sectors 3.1 Basic concepts of the Portfolio Management of Research Projects This section presents the definitions of the basic concepts associated with the report. First, I begin by briefly introducing the evolution of research and development projects and their nature. Next, the definition of portfolio management is presented. After these two presentations, other relevant topics are described. Finally the main topic of the research, portfolio management of Research projects, is introduced. 3.1.1 Research and Development Projects: a Private and Public Approach David et al. (2000) present a very comprehensive analysis of the development of R&D research in the US. According to the authors the end of the 19th century marked the beginning of organized research and development activities upon  the productive resources for societies. Since then, the percentage of national gross product directed by both private and public organizations towards increasing the scientific and technological knowledge has increased. The same study claims that during the 1930s, the  Ã¢â‚¬Å"total R&D expenditures in countries such as the US, the UK and Japan remained in the range between two-thirds and one-quarter of one percentage point of their respective national product figures.† (David, Hall, & Toole, 2000). Since then there was an increased belief that organized research and development could stimulate economic growth and contribute to improving economic welfare, which led governments to create public institutions supporting civilian science and engineering. This gave way to an expansion of government agency research programs in non-defence as well as military technologies, and established models for the performance of governmentfunded R&D by private sector contractors. With the increased need for public production of scientific and technological knowledge, there was an increase in R&D activities performed by private organizations in order to match this production needs. This is given that technology is the most crucial factor for the progress of a nation’s economic development and living standards (Chang & Hsu, 1997). In order to promote scientific and technological development, governments provide R&D funding. As a result, support for selective development of specific industries is provided through direct, project-oriented subsidies. Government policy concentrates resources on long-term R&D problems and on expensive basic research that could not be undertaken by industry. Whether they are of a public or private nature, organizations rely on projects as means to deliver results; this tends organizations to engage in several projects at a time. The nature of these projects varies from  marketing to IT, environmental issues, procurement, new product development and research and development (R&D). More and more, organizations rely on research projects (R&D, new product development, innovation) in order to stay updated on new technologies, processes and practices on their fields. This is how they remain ahead in the competition and sustain their competitive advantages. This is specially the case for organizations that are on the top of their industry and that influence other organizations to follow them closely to benchmark their strategic moves. In order to maintain competitive advantage, organizations need to develop successful product and process innovation (Archer & Ghasemzadeh, 1999; Mikkola, 2001) for what they turn to R&D projects to achieve this. However R&D projects have a very particular nature. Research projects are characterized for being associated with a high degree of uncertainty and unpredictability (Balachandra, K, & Pearson, 1996). Therefore, large scale R&D projects require large budgets and high risk and long term programs (Chang & Hsu, 1997). This is mostly due to the fact that the outcome of a research project, such as knowledge generation, is intangible and hard to measure through standard project evaluation. 3.1.2 Portfolio Management Given the importance of developing research projects, organizations are faced with the task of conforming portfolios of projects. For practical purposes, this report considers project portfolio as: â€Å"a group of projects that are carried out under the sponsorship and /or management of a particular organization† (Archer & Ghasemzadeh, 1999). The task of selecting which projects should be a part of the company’s project portfolio is an important activity in many organizations. It is presented in the following definition. Portfolio Management is defined as the strategic choices, resource allocation, project selection and balance of the pool of projects available for organizations to undertake (Cooper, Edgett, & Kleinschmidt, 2001; Linton D. & Walsh T., 2002; Wang & Hwang, 2005). However this activity is not an easy one to do. Managers find challenges in deciding which projects to undertake, how to allocate resources to them through their whole life cycle and how to balance the portfolio once projects are completed or have to be terminated. Project Portfolio Management (PPM) is a critical task in company performance. Some key questions to be considered before deciding to do project portfolio management are known as â€Å"Five Ws and One H† (The Enterprise Portfolio Management Council, 2009): Who can use the PPM process? Everyone from Chief executives, heads of department, managers, supervisors, portfolio, project and program managers, to systems engineers. What should PPM be used for? To manage multiple projects, programs, assets, software applications, resource allocation, products.  When should PPM be used? When there is more than one project or program or decisions must be taken when it comes to proposal ideas competing for a slot in the portfolio, whether projects or programs should go forward or terminated, resource allocation, strategic changes, mergers, acquisitions or joint ventures to mention some. Where is PPM used? In both profit and non-profit organizations, government agencies, universities, investment firms.  Why should PPM be used? To ensure that projects and programs are aligned with strategies, goals and business objectives, to communicate project and program details, to manage projects and programs as a whole. PPM is a holistic, systems approach to business projects. How to decide whether to use PPM or not? Conversations and discussions between executives, managers, project and program managers and experts are encouraged in order to assess the situation and define the business case. Screening, Selecting and Prioritization Reprioritiza tion of projects Allocation and reallocation of resources according to priority Figure 5 Managerial activities related to PPM, based on (Blichfeldt & Eskerod, 2007) p. 358. Literature on PPM has widely focused on these managerial activities of project screening, selection, prioritization, balancing and resource allocation, while most recently focus has shifted to actual day to day management of the portfolio. Theories and literature have gone from focusing on tools, techniques and methods to a more managerial approach of how the activity is actually done. Thus, this thesis studies documented techniques and methods PPM, but keeps in sight the importance of the actual activities undertaken by the institutions. 3.1.3 Portfolio Management of Research Projects Global market changes and the interest of business organizations to remain ahead of their industry, tend organizations to rethink their competitive  strategy more often than before. Firms that cannot supply innovative products faster than competitor, lose competitiveness. R&D projects are used as a source of strategy, because they help target the increasing complexity demanded by shorter life cycles of products and services that wish to remain ahead and up to date (Mikkola, 2001). Most importantly, organizations have an increasing interest in evaluating their R&D projects from a portfolio’s perspective; in which project selection, resource allocation and balancing remain the main activities to be performed. According to McNally (2007), managing R&D is considered as one of the three core business processes.  Perhaps the most comprehensive definition of Portfolio Management of Research Projects, and the one to be considered for this thesis, is given by Cooper, et al. (2001). The authors describe the term as: â€Å"a dynamic decision process, whereby a business’s list of active new product (and R&D) projects is constantly updated and revised. In this process, new projects are evaluated, selected, and prioritized; existing projects may be accelerated, killed, or deprioritized,; and resources are allocated and reallocated to the active projects. The portfolio decision process is characterized by uncertain and changing information, dynamic opportunities, multiple goals and strategic considerations, interdependence among projects, and multiple decision-makers and locations.† This is an important and critical task to be undertaken because it requires a considerable amount of human resources and opportunity costs incurred as projects go from the selection phase to the implementation. At the same time this is a difficult task because decision makers have to work relatively fast with little reliable and highly changing information. Therefore the selection and development of successful innovations has a high degree of risk associated with it (Nesse & Velde, 2010). In order to manage portfolios of research projects, organizations rely on different tools or techniques. Literature (Wang & Hwang, 2005) points that R&D portfolio decisions are hard to take given the nature of R&D projects and environment. On the one hand, R&D projects have long lead times, and on the other hand, market and technology are so dynamic that it makes information for portfolio management seem unavailable and unreliable. All organizations that wish to engage in R&D are faced with the problem of managing the portfolio of research projects, where projects have to fight for a limited pool of resources. At the same time project selection becomes a complicated task because the decision maker has to determine which new proposals should be funded, which existing projects should be continued and to what extent a resource should be involved in the selected project of the portfolio (Chien, 2002).